假如有一天机器人大量使用,中国这么多人口何去何从?
理论上来说,人工智能的普及,会带给整个人类社会极大的冲击,包括但不限于会有大量人失业,并由此引发经济危机。
伴随着人类社会的不断发展,人类社会面临的挑战从怎样克服物资不足,正逐渐转变成如何合理分配我们生产出来丰富物资。如果人类可以处理好这个问题,那么人类就有可能进入共产主义社会,整个社会按需分配,人们不再需要争夺资源,因为资源过剩。但是,如果人工智能被别有用心的人利用,整个人类社会陷入一场浩劫,一场巨大的动荡也不是不可能。
但是不管人类最后怎么处理人工智能带来的生产力飞跃,现有的经济运行模式一定会出问题。在人工智能普及的过程中,或者初步完成普及之后必然会出现一个极其容易出现经济危机的阶段——生产过剩/产能过剩,而且可能是人类有史以来最为严重的一次过剩,远远超过历史上的任何一次产能过剩。20世纪30年代席卷全球的经济大萧条,就是由于严重的生产过剩导致的,而且一定程度上诱发了第二次世界大战。相比于20世纪30年代的生产过剩,人工智能可能带来的产能过剩,会更加可怕。
人工智能出现之前,绝大多数生产过程需要人类的大量干涉,生产力的提高,往往伴随着对劳动力需求的提高。但是人工智能完全改变了这个游戏规则,生产力可能会呈现几何级的增长,而劳动力需求反倒可能下降了。当然,人类老龄化一定程度上会缓解劳动力过剩的问题,这个时候另外一个尖锐的问题产生了:对于大量没有从事生产活动的人群,不管是老年人群体,还是因为技能没跟上时代需要而失业的工龄人士,怎么样让他们有能力消费源源不断生产出来的消费品,从而维持现有经济体系的正常运行?人类社会因为物质短缺而导致的饥荒早就不应该存在了,但是在欧美发达地区被肥胖问题困扰的同时,非洲地区因为营养不良和饥饿,每天都有人死亡。一个残酷的事实摆在我们面前:人类目前为止可能还没学会应对生产力的爆炸式增长的有效方法。
因此,从悲观的角度来看,人工智能的出现可能会酝酿一个大危机出来,一个比上世纪三十年代更大的危机。至少从理论上来说是可能的。
但是,这不是我们应该放弃人工智能的理由。人工智能虽然可能会在短期带来一些问题,长期来看是必然的选择,而且让贫困问题被彻底解决有了可能性。理论上来说,拥有核武器的人类,早就具备自我摧毁的能力,人工智能起码在可预见的将来,都不可能会有那么大的破坏力。问题不在于人工智能,也不在于生产力过剩,而在于人类本身。我们是否已经准备好让那些看起来“不那么重要”或者“贡献不那么大”的人通过某种形式分享社会进步带来的好处?上世纪30年代,我们还没准备好。这一次,我们有从上次的经验中吸取教训吗?
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